"Executive Summary
This paper compares the STEM PhD pipelines of the United States
and China. We find that China has consistently produced more
STEM doctorates than the United States since the mid-2000s, and
that the gap between the two countries will likely grow wider in
the next five years. Based on current enrollment patterns, we
project that by 2025 Chinese universities will produce more than
77,000 STEM PhD graduates per year compared to approximately
40,000 in the United States. If international students are excluded
from the U.S. count, Chinese STEM PhD graduates would
outnumber their U.S. counterparts more than three-to-one.
Our findings also suggest the quality of doctoral education in China
has risen in recent years, and that much of China’s current PhD
growth comes from high-quality universities. Approximately 45
percent of Chinese PhDs graduate from Double First Class (A)
universities—the country’s most elite educational institutions (see
Appendix D)—and about 80 percent of graduates come from
universities administered by the central government. While it is
possible that the growing supply of STEM PhDs in China exceeds
current labor market demand, the quality and quantity of a
country’s doctoral graduates is an important indicator of its future
competitiveness, and China’s capacity to produce skilled PhD-level
STEM experts appears to be growing rapidly.
Our analysis focuses on students who obtained a research-
oriented doctoral degree in STEM disciplines. For the United States,
this includes data on seven academic fields: life sciences,
geosciences, mathematics and statistics, computer science,
physical sciences, engineering, and medical sciences. For China, we
include four academic fields tracked by its Ministry of Education:
science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine. Historical trends
and predictions can vary depending on the exact field
categorization (e.g., whether the social sciences and/or the health
sciences are included in graduate counts), but in all cases, Chinese
PhD graduates are expected to clearly outnumber U.S. graduates
by 2025. "
https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/china-is-fast-outpacing-u-s-stem-phd-growth/

China will produce more its domestic need. Many would have to work
oversea to use their expertise. And they would need foreign language as well as foreign culture supports where ever they go. This means China has to expand its foreign language and foreign culture departments. China cannot
be any kind of superpower if its best and brightest do not familiarize themselves with various foreign cultures.

For example, China would need to deal with Afghanistan whether China wants to or not. It has no choice. Knowing its cultural practices as well as language will certainly facilitate Afghanistan's integration into the 21st century world.

America would not have enough homegrown STEM Ph.Ds. It could increase foreign students and/or foreign STEM workers. The obvious place to get large number of both is India. May be the US government also needs to provide financial assistance for some Indian students.

Regardless of whether there will be surplus of STEM graduates in the
country's developments in the future or not, China should stay ahead in the
supply of its needs.

China should accelerate its re-education and course refresher on those STEM
who were already working in their jobs for many years already.

By and large, training and re-training of STEM employees need to keep
abreast of technology. STEM syllabuses need to update from time to time.
STEM employees after much time in employs, need to rest for re-coursing.

By re-coursing means they can re-tune, re-train, and re-educate themselves
to meet different national strategic needs. They have to adapt to different
courses in order to be relevant to their present day's jobs, needs, and
wants and demands.

Any export of surpluses of STEM graduates to other countries will not
benefit the country, as they will not be interested to re-training and
upgrading, unless China can provide them with steady employment and
competitive benefits.

"ltlee1" wrote in message
news:cd62205f-aaf9-4c58-ac90-41a5ab41b1f0n@googlegroups.com...

"Executive Summary
This paper compares the STEM PhD pipelines of the United States
and China. We find that China has consistently produced more
STEM doctorates than the United States since the mid-2000s, and
that the gap between the two countries will likely grow wider in
the next five years. Based on current enrollment patterns, we
project that by 2025 Chinese universities will produce more than
77,000 STEM PhD graduates per year compared to approximately
40,000 in the United States. If international students are excluded
from the U.S. count, Chinese STEM PhD graduates would
outnumber their U.S. counterparts more than three-to-one.
Our findings also suggest the quality of doctoral education in China
has risen in recent years, and that much of China’s current PhD
growth comes from high-quality universities. Approximately 45
percent of Chinese PhDs graduate from Double First Class (A)
universities—the country’s most elite educational institutions (see
Appendix D)—and about 80 percent of graduates come from
universities administered by the central government. While it is
possible that the growing supply of STEM PhDs in China exceeds
current labor market demand, the quality and quantity of a
country’s doctoral graduates is an important indicator of its future
competitiveness, and China’s capacity to produce skilled PhD-level
STEM experts appears to be growing rapidly.
Our analysis focuses on students who obtained a research-
oriented doctoral degree in STEM disciplines. For the United States,
this includes data on seven academic fields: life sciences,
geosciences, mathematics and statistics, computer science,
physical sciences, engineering, and medical sciences. For China, we
include four academic fields tracked by its Ministry of Education:
science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine. Historical trends
and predictions can vary depending on the exact field
categorization (e.g., whether the social sciences and/or the health
sciences are included in graduate counts), but in all cases, Chinese
PhD graduates are expected to clearly outnumber U.S. graduates
by 2025. "
https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/china-is-fast-outpacing-u-s-stem-phd-growth/

China will produce more its domestic need. Many would have to work
oversea to use their expertise. And they would need foreign language as well
as foreign culture supports where ever they go. This means China has to
expand its foreign language and foreign culture departments. China cannot
be any kind of superpower if its best and brightest do not familiarize
themselves with various foreign cultures.

For example, China would need to deal with Afghanistan whether China wants
to or not. It has no choice. Knowing its cultural practices as well as
language will certainly facilitate Afghanistan's integration into the 21st
century world.

America would not have enough homegrown STEM Ph.Ds. It could increase
foreign students and/or foreign STEM workers. The obvious place to get large
number of both is India. May be the US government also needs to provide
financial assistance for some Indian students.

More STEM graduates is better than less. More STEM, whether first degree or
PHD, is better than shortage of any of them. This is because some along the
way of their STEM careers might want to change their career interests.

Some spent too long time in their STEM jobs get replaced. Some got older and
got replaced. Some Stem employees get older got tired of their long years of
Stem jobs want to switch to early resignation and start selling foods
instead.

Some of them may prefer to change their STEM job by going into agricultural
job or farming business. Henceforth, there will be natural job attrition
after some years of working in STEM jobs.

Henceforth, it is important to have more STEM graduates to make up the
shortfall in the future. STEM employees can contribute their skills even in
cooking of foods, researching of food processes and agricultural technology
to raise farm productivity, reducing farm wastages, and to increase farm
yields.

As STEM employees get old and retired, they can use their STEM knowledge and
training and skill set to apply and use in other areas, too. STEM is more
flexible to adapt and change into other skillsets.

"ltlee1" wrote in message
news:cd62205f-aaf9-4c58-ac90-41a5ab41b1f0n@googlegroups.com...

"Executive Summary
This paper compares the STEM PhD pipelines of the United States
and China. We find that China has consistently produced more
STEM doctorates than the United States since the mid-2000s, and
that the gap between the two countries will likely grow wider in
the next five years. Based on current enrollment patterns, we
project that by 2025 Chinese universities will produce more than
77,000 STEM PhD graduates per year compared to approximately
40,000 in the United States. If international students are excluded
from the U.S. count, Chinese STEM PhD graduates would
outnumber their U.S. counterparts more than three-to-one.
Our findings also suggest the quality of doctoral education in China
has risen in recent years, and that much of China’s current PhD
growth comes from high-quality universities. Approximately 45
percent of Chinese PhDs graduate from Double First Class (A)
universities—the country’s most elite educational institutions (see
Appendix D)—and about 80 percent of graduates come from
universities administered by the central government. While it is
possible that the growing supply of STEM PhDs in China exceeds
current labor market demand, the quality and quantity of a
country’s doctoral graduates is an important indicator of its future
competitiveness, and China’s capacity to produce skilled PhD-level
STEM experts appears to be growing rapidly.
Our analysis focuses on students who obtained a research-
oriented doctoral degree in STEM disciplines. For the United States,
this includes data on seven academic fields: life sciences,
geosciences, mathematics and statistics, computer science,
physical sciences, engineering, and medical sciences. For China, we
include four academic fields tracked by its Ministry of Education:
science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine. Historical trends
and predictions can vary depending on the exact field
categorization (e.g., whether the social sciences and/or the health
sciences are included in graduate counts), but in all cases, Chinese
PhD graduates are expected to clearly outnumber U.S. graduates
by 2025. "
https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/china-is-fast-outpacing-u-s-stem-phd-growth/

China will produce more its domestic need. Many would have to work
oversea to use their expertise. And they would need foreign language as well
as foreign culture supports where ever they go. This means China has to
expand its foreign language and foreign culture departments. China cannot
be any kind of superpower if its best and brightest do not familiarize
themselves with various foreign cultures.

For example, China would need to deal with Afghanistan whether China wants
to or not. It has no choice. Knowing its cultural practices as well as
language will certainly facilitate Afghanistan's integration into the 21st
century world.

America would not have enough homegrown STEM Ph.Ds. It could increase
foreign students and/or foreign STEM workers. The obvious place to get large
number of both is India. May be the US government also needs to provide
financial assistance for some Indian students.

On Monday, August 30, 2021 at 7:28:58 AM UTC+8, ltlee1 wrote:
> "Executive Summary
> This paper compares the STEM PhD pipelines of the United States
> and China. We find that China has consistently produced more
> STEM doctorates than the United States since the mid-2000s, and
> that the gap between the two countries will likely grow wider in
> the next five years. Based on current enrollment patterns, we
> project that by 2025 Chinese universities will produce more than
> 77,000 STEM PhD graduates per year compared to approximately
> 40,000 in the United States. If international students are excluded
> from the U.S. count, Chinese STEM PhD graduates would
> outnumber their U.S. counterparts more than three-to-one.
> Our findings also suggest the quality of doctoral education in China
> has risen in recent years, and that much of China’s current PhD
> growth comes from high-quality universities. Approximately 45
> percent of Chinese PhDs graduate from Double First Class (A)
> universities—the country’s most elite educational institutions (see
> Appendix D)—and about 80 percent of graduates come from
> universities administered by the central government. While it is
> possible that the growing supply of STEM PhDs in China exceeds
> current labor market demand, the quality and quantity of a
> country’s doctoral graduates is an important indicator of its future
> competitiveness, and China’s capacity to produce skilled PhD-level
> STEM experts appears to be growing rapidly.
> Our analysis focuses on students who obtained a research-
> oriented doctoral degree in STEM disciplines. For the United States,
> this includes data on seven academic fields: life sciences,
> geosciences, mathematics and statistics, computer science,
> physical sciences, engineering, and medical sciences. For China, we
> include four academic fields tracked by its Ministry of Education:
> science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine. Historical trends
> and predictions can vary depending on the exact field
> categorization (e.g., whether the social sciences and/or the health
> sciences are included in graduate counts), but in all cases, Chinese
> PhD graduates are expected to clearly outnumber U.S. graduates
> by 2025. "
> https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/china-is-fast-outpacing-u-s-stem-phd-growth/
>
> China will produce more its domestic need. Many would have to work
> oversea to use their expertise. And they would need foreign language as well as foreign culture supports where ever they go. This means China has to expand its foreign language and foreign culture departments. China cannot
> be any kind of superpower if its best and brightest do not familiarize themselves with various foreign cultures.
>
> For example, China would need to deal with Afghanistan whether China wants to or not. It has no choice. Knowing its cultural practices as well as language will certainly facilitate Afghanistan's integration into the 21st century world.
>
> America would not have enough homegrown STEM Ph.Ds. It could increase foreign students and/or foreign STEM workers. The obvious place to get large number of both is India. May be the US government also needs to provide financial assistance for some Indian students.
-----------

Not only is China producing more STEM graduates, China is employing them more productively -- unlike the US . For example, the biggest employer of US PhDs is the National Security Agency!

Wakalukong